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The bone formation process develops from the outside of the rhBMP-2/ACS implant towards the center until the entire implant is replaced by trabecular bone. Blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) is observed at the same time. Step 5: Bone formationĪs the sponge degrades or dissolves, these stem cells differentiate into osteoblast and begin to form trabecular bone and/or cartilage. The researchers concluded that BMP-2, BMP-6, and BMP-9 may be the most potent agents to induce osteoblast lineage-specific differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.

Alkaline phosphatase activity - a measure of the amount of new bone formation - was significantly increased in all three cell lines by BMP-2, BMP-6, and BMP-9. 20 Three cell lines, representing the different stages of osteoblast differentiation, were each tested. 3-19Ī 2003 in-vitro study compared the bone-forming activity of 14 recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins. 1 Pre-clinical studies have shown that rhBMP-2 can cause the differentiation of precursor cells into osteoblasts. 2, 7 In-vitro studies of rhBMP-2 support the fact that differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into bone-forming osteoblasts plays an essential role in the induction of new bone. 3-7 Step 4: Differentiationīinding to specific receptors on the surface of the MSC, rhBMP-2 causes them to differentiate into bone-forming cells. In-vitro studies have shown that rhBMP-2 can increase the proliferation of several multipotent cell lines, which can differentiate into osteoblasts, or bone-forming cells. The mesenchymal stem cells around the rhBMP-2/ACS implant increase in number. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) move from bleeding bone, muscle, and the periosteum to infiltrate the implant. This cell migration stimulated by a chemical response is called chemotaxis. Step 2: Chemotaxisīone-forming cells migrate to the area of the rhBMP-2/ACS implant. Only when they're used together do they initiate the bone induction process. Neither the rhBMP-2 nor the ACS can produce new bone tissue independently. When rhBMP-2 is placed on an ACS and implanted in the body, it produces new bone tissue at the site of implantation.